@proceedings {256, title = {Evaluating wireless sensor node longevity through Markovian techniques}, journal = {COMPUTER NETWORKS}, volume = {56}, year = {2012}, pages = {521{\textendash}532}, abstract = {

Wireless sensor networks are constituted of a large number of tiny sensor nodes randomly distributed over a geographical region. In order to reduce power consumption, nodes undergo active-sleep periods that, on the other hand, limit their ability to send/receive data. The aim of this paper is to analyze the longevity of a battery-powered sensor node. A battery discharge model able to capture both linear and non linear discharge processes is presented. Then, two different models are proposed to investigate the longevity, in terms of reliability, of sensor nodes with active-sleep cycles. The first model, well known in the literature, is based on the Markov reward theory and on the evaluation of the accumulated reward distribution. The second model, based on continuous phase type distributions and Kronecker algebra, represents the main contribution of the present work, since it allows to relax some assumptions of the Markov reward model, thus increasing its applicability to more concrete use cases. In the final part of the paper, the results obtained by applying the two techniques to a case study are compared in order to validate and highlight the benefits of our approach and demonstrate the utility of the proposed model in a quite complex and real scenario.

}, keywords = {Battery discharge process, Continuous phase type distributions, Energy consumption, Kronecker algebra, Markov reward models, Reliability}, doi = {10.1016/j.comnet.2011.10.003}, author = {Bruneo D. and Distefano S. and Longo F. and Puliafito A. and Scarpa M.} } @article {Bruneo2012521, title = {Evaluating wireless sensor node longevity through Markovian techniques}, journal = {Computer Networks - Elsevier }, volume = {56}, number = {2}, year = {2012}, note = {cited By 13}, pages = {521-532}, abstract = {

Wireless sensor networks are constituted of a large number of tiny sensor nodes randomly distributed over a geographical region. In order to reduce power consumption, nodes undergo active-sleep periods that, on the other hand, limit their ability to send/receive data. The aim of this paper is to analyze the longevity of a battery-powered sensor node. A battery discharge model able to capture both linear and non linear discharge processes is presented. Then, two different models are proposed to investigate the longevity, in terms of reliability, of sensor nodes with active-sleep cycles. The first model, well known in the literature, is based on the Markov reward theory and on the evaluation of the accumulated reward distribution. The second model, based on continuous phase type distributions and Kronecker algebra, represents the main contribution of the present work, since it allows to relax some assumptions of the Markov reward model, thus increasing its applicability to more concrete use cases. In the final part of the paper, the results obtained by applying the two techniques to a case study are compared in order to validate and highlight the benefits of our approach and demonstrate the utility of the proposed model in a quite complex and real scenario. {\textcopyright} 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.

}, keywords = {Algebra, Battery discharge, Continuous phase, Discharge process, Electric network synthesis, Energy utilization, Kronecker algebra, Markov reward, Markov reward model, Markov reward models, Markovian, Randomly distributed, Reliability, Reliability theory, Sensor nodes, Sensors, Wireless sensor node}, issn = {13891286}, doi = {10.1016/j.comnet.2011.10.003}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84856063119\&partnerID=40\&md5=ecbae538bceec8598d787ee3b936a8e1}, author = {Dario Bruneo and Salvatore Distefano and Francesco Longo and Antonio Puliafito and Marco Scarpa} } @article {275, title = {Energy control in dependable Wireless Sensor Networks: a modeling perspective}, journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. PART O, JOURNAL OF RISK AND RELIABILITY}, volume = {225}, year = {2011}, pages = {424{\textendash}434}, abstract = {

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are composed of a large number of tiny sensor nodes randomly distributed over a geographical region. In order to reduce power consumption, battery-operated sensors undergo cycles of sleeping-active periods that reduce their ability to send/receive data. Starting from the Markov reward model theory, this paper presents a dependability model to analyse the reliability of a sensor node. Also, a new dependability parameter is introduced, referred to as producibility, which is able to capture the capability of a sensor to accomplish its mission. Two different model solution techniques are proposed, one based on the evaluation of the accumulated reward distribution and the other based on an equivalent model based on non-Markovian stochastic Petri nets. The obtained results are used to investigate the dependability of a whole WSN taking into account the presence of redundant nodes. Topological aspects are taken into account, providing a quantitative comparison among three typical network topologies: star, tree, and mesh. Numerical results are provided in order to highlight the advantages of the proposed technique and to demonstrate the equivalence of the proposed approaches.

}, keywords = {Energy consumption, Markov reward models, network topology, non-Markovian stochastic Petri nets, producibility, Reliability, Wireless sensor networks}, doi = {10.1177/1748006X10397845}, author = {D. Bruneo and A. Puliafito and Marco Scarpa} }